Okay, what I get from this is that you want to know the 5 major parts of a, lets say, a computer.
The motherboard: this transports the data throughout the device to the other components using electrical signals
CPU (Central Processing Unit): This is where all the calculations are done. It basically is the most important component.
RAM (Random Access Memory) This is where all the all the calculations are stored temporarily until further use.
ROM (Read Only Memory): This is where all those calculations (what you might know as files and programs) are saved. This might be like your hard drive, or the sim card in your phone.
GPU (Graphics Processing Unit): This allows your computer to display those programs and files in an orderly fashion so the computer can be operated. (Its the thing you screw your monitor into on the back of your computer)
You can take all of this and apply it to almost anything. Your phone, game console, tablet, calculator, ect.