M.D. stands for Doctors of Medicine, D.O. is for Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine.
Both D.O.s and M.D.s are fully qualified physicians licensed to prescribe medication and perform surgery. D.O.s, however, belong to a separate yet equal branch of American medical care.
You check Wikipedia for more details: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_MD_and_DO_in_the_United_States
Osteopathy is an approach to health care that emphasizes the role of the musculoskeletal system in health and disease. You will find these doctors involved with bone and joint as well as spinal practices for those who have injuries or problems in these area's. Pain doctors are more times then not Osteopathic. Medical doctors may be simply GP's, (general practitioner's) some have specialized in a particular discipline such as oncology, (study of cancer) or surgery. Both are licensed medical doctors with equal privilege's given to their profession to do surgery or prescribe medications and make dire decisions that effect the welfare of their patients based on their expertise and skill.